Archive Date: 10/20/2024
This document has been archived because it has outdated information. It is for historical information only and should not be consulted for clinical use. Current versions of guidelines are available on the Carelon Medical Benefits Management website at http://guidelines.carelonmedicalbenefitsmanagement.com
Status: Revised Effective Date: 04/14/2024
Doc ID: MSK05-0424.2 Last Review Date: 07/18/2023
Approval and implementation dates for specific health plans may vary. Please consult the applicable health plan for more details.
Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines
Musculoskeletal
Appropriate Use Criteria: Sacroiliac Joint Fusion
Proprietary
© 2024 Carelon Medical Benefits Management, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Description and Application of the Guidelines
Clinical Appropriateness Framework
Simultaneous Ordering of Multiple Diagnostic or Therapeutic Interventions
Repeat Diagnostic Intervention
Repeat Therapeutic Intervention
Sacroiliac Joint Fusion (Percutaneous/Minimally Invasive Techniques)
Percutaneous/Minimally Invasive Sacroiliac Joint Fusion
Description and Application of the Guidelines
The Carelon Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines (hereinafter “the Carelon Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines” or the “Guidelines”) are designed to assist providers in making the most appropriate treatment decision for a specific clinical condition for an individual. The Guidelines establish objective and evidence-based criteria for medical necessity determinations, where possible, that can be used in support of the following:
- To establish criteria for when services are medically necessary
- To assist the practitioner as an educational tool
- To encourage standardization of medical practice patterns
- To curtail the performance of inappropriate and/or duplicate services
- To address patient safety concerns
- To enhance the quality of health care
- To promote the most efficient and cost-effective use of services
The Carelon guideline development process complies with applicable accreditation and legal standards, including the requirement that the Guidelines be developed with involvement from appropriate providers with current clinical expertise relevant to the Guidelines under review and be based on the most up-to-date clinical principles and best practices. Resources reviewed include widely used treatment guidelines, randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies, and large systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Carelon reviews all of its Guidelines at least annually.
Carelon makes its Guidelines publicly available on its website. Copies of the Guidelines are also available upon oral or written request. Additional details, such as summaries of evidence, a list of the sources of evidence, and an explanation of the rationale that supports the adoption of the Guidelines, are included in each guideline document.
Although the Guidelines are publicly available, Carelon considers the Guidelines to be important, proprietary information of Carelon, which cannot be sold, assigned, leased, licensed, reproduced or distributed without the written consent of Carelon.
Carelon applies objective and evidence-based criteria, and takes individual circumstances and the local delivery system into account when determining the medical appropriateness of health care services. The Carelon Guidelines are just guidelines for the provision of specialty health services. These criteria are designed to guide both providers and reviewers to the most appropriate services based on a patient’s unique circumstances. In all cases, clinical judgment consistent with the standards of good medical practice should be used when applying the Guidelines. Guideline determinations are made based on the information provided at the time of the request. It is expected that medical necessity decisions may change as new information is provided or based on unique aspects of the patient’s condition. The treating clinician has final authority and responsibility for treatment decisions regarding the care of the patient and for justifying and demonstrating the existence of medical necessity for the requested service. The Guidelines are not a substitute for the experience and judgment of a physician or other health care professionals. Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine any patient’s care or treatment.
The Guidelines do not address coverage, benefit or other plan specific issues. Applicable federal and state coverage mandates take precedence over these clinical guidelines, and in the case of reviews for Medicare Advantage Plans, the Guidelines are only applied where there are not fully established CMS criteria. If requested by a health plan, Carelon will review requests based on health plan medical policy/guidelines in lieu of the Carelon Guidelines. Pharmaceuticals, radiotracers, or medical devices used in any of the diagnostic or therapeutic interventions listed in the Guidelines must be FDA approved or conditionally approved for the intended use. However, use of an FDA approved or conditionally approved product does not constitute medical necessity or guarantee reimbursement by the respective health plan.
The Guidelines may also be used by the health plan or by Carelon for purposes of provider education, or to review the medical necessity of services by any provider who has been notified of the need for medical necessity review, due to billing practices or claims that are not consistent with other providers in terms of frequency or some other manner.
General Clinical Guideline
Clinical Appropriateness Framework
Critical to any finding of clinical appropriateness under the guidelines for a specific diagnostic or therapeutic intervention are the following elements:
- Prior to any intervention, it is essential that the clinician confirm the diagnosis or establish its pretest likelihood based on a complete evaluation of the patient. This includes a history and physical examination and, where applicable, a review of relevant laboratory studies, diagnostic testing, and response to prior therapeutic intervention.
- The anticipated benefit of the recommended intervention is likely to outweigh any potential harms, including from delay or decreased access to services that may result (net benefit).
- Widely used treatment guidelines and/or current clinical literature and/or standards of medical practice should support that the recommended intervention offers the greatest net benefit among competing alternatives.
- There exists a reasonable likelihood that the intervention will change management and/or lead to an improved outcome for the patient.
Providers may be required to submit clinical documentation in support of a request for services. Such documentation must a) accurately reflect the clinical situation at the time of the requested service, and b) sufficiently document the ordering provider’s clinical intent.
If these elements are not established with respect to a given request, the determination of appropriateness will most likely require a peer-to-peer conversation to understand the individual and unique facts that would justify a finding of clinical appropriateness. During the peer-to-peer conversation, factors such as patient acuity and setting of service may also be taken into account to the extent permitted by law.
Simultaneous Ordering of Multiple Diagnostic or Therapeutic Interventions
Requests for multiple diagnostic or therapeutic interventions at the same time will often require a peer-to-peer conversation to understand the individual circumstances that support the medical necessity of performing all interventions simultaneously. This is based on the fact that appropriateness of additional intervention is often dependent on the outcome of the initial intervention.
Additionally, either of the following may apply:
- Current literature and/or standards of medical practice support that one of the requested diagnostic or therapeutic interventions is more appropriate in the clinical situation presented; or
- One of the diagnostic or therapeutic interventions requested is more likely to improve patient outcomes based on current literature and/or standards of medical practice.
Repeat Diagnostic Intervention
In general, repeated testing of the same anatomic location for the same indication should be limited to evaluation following an intervention, or when there is a change in clinical status such that additional testing is required to determine next steps in management. At times, it may be necessary to repeat a test using different techniques or protocols to clarify a finding or result of the original study.
Repeated testing for the same indication using the same or similar technology may be subject to additional review or require peer-to-peer conversation in the following scenarios:
- Repeated diagnostic testing at the same facility due to technical issues
- Repeated diagnostic testing requested at a different facility due to provider preference or quality concerns
- Repeated diagnostic testing of the same anatomic area based on persistent symptoms with no clinical change, treatment, or intervention since the previous study
- Repeated diagnostic testing of the same anatomic area by different providers for the same member over a short period of time
Repeat Therapeutic Intervention
In general, repeated therapeutic intervention in the same anatomic area is considered appropriate when the prior intervention proved effective or beneficial and the expected duration of relief has lapsed. A repeat intervention requested prior to the expected duration of relief is not appropriate unless it can be confirmed that the prior intervention was never administered. Requests for on-going services may depend on completion of previously authorized services in situations where a patient’s response to authorized services is relevant to a determination of clinical appropriateness.
Sacroiliac Joint Fusion (Percutaneous/Minimally Invasive Techniques)
Description and Scope
Low back pain is a global health issue and one of the top 3 causes of health degradation in highly developed countries. Goldwaith and Osgood first discussed the possibility that sacroiliac (SI) joint injury could cause low back pain as early as 1905. Since that time there have been numerous studies looking at the prevalence of SI joint syndrome in persons with back pain, and the results vary widely. Recent studies have estimated that 15%-30% of chronic low back pain is of sacroiliac origin.
Identifying the SI joint as the pain generator is challenging due to the multifactorial nature of low back pain. Once confirmed, management may include physical or manual therapy with a focus on core and pelvic stability, external orthotics, periodic intra-articular injections, anti-inflammatory medications, and lifestyle changes including smoking cessation and weight loss.
Sacroiliac joint fusion techniques were developed based on the assumption that movement across the joint was the primary source of pain. These techniques are not new, but their success has been limited by the extensive nature of the open fusion procedure and a lack of consistent outcome data. However, recent advances in minimally invasive techniques have shown some promise and are addressed here.
These guidelines address SI joint fusion when performed as an elective, non-emergent procedure and not as part of the care of a congenital condition, acute or traumatic event such as fracture (excluding fracture of implant and periprosthetic fracture), malignancy, or infection.
Clinical Indications
The following general requirements apply to all indications except where they differ from the specific requirements. The specific requirements take precedence over any stated general requirement.
General Information
The terms in the section provide operational definitions when they are referenced as requirements in the guideline.
Documentation supporting medical necessity and a clearly stated plan of care should be submitted at the time of the request and must include the following information:
- Symptom duration and severity
- Specific functional limitations related to symptoms
- Type and duration of all therapeutic measures provided. If conservative management is not appropriate, the reason must be clearly documented.
Conservative management1 must include a combination of strategies to reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and correct underlying dysfunction, including physical therapy AND at least one complementary conservative treatment strategy.
- Physical therapy requirement includes ANY of the following:
- Physical therapy rendered by a qualified provider of physical therapy services
- Supervised home treatment program that includes ALL of the following:
- Participation in a patient-specific or tailored program
- Initial active instruction by MD/DO/PT with redemonstration of patient ability to perform exercises
- Compliance (documented or by clinician attestation on follow-up evaluation)
- Exception to the physical therapy requirement in unusual circumstances (for instance, intractable pain so severe that physical therapy is not possible) when clearly documented in the medical record
- Complementary conservative treatment requirement includes ANY of the following:
- Anti-inflammatory medications and analgesics2
- Adjunctive medications such as nerve membrane stabilizers or muscle relaxants2
- Intra-articular corticosteroid injection2
- Sacroiliac support belt or other appropriate bracing
- Alternative therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic manipulation, massage therapy, activity modification, and/or a trial period of rest (e.g., from the aggravating/contributing factors), where applicable
1 Additional condition or procedure-specific requirements may apply and can be found in the respective section of the guideline.
2 In the absence of contraindications
Clinical reevaluation. In most cases, reevaluation should include a physical examination. Direct contact by other methods, such as telephone communication or electronic messaging, may substitute for in-person evaluation when circumstances preclude an office visit. Clinical reevaluation must be done in reasonable proximity to the anticipated date of service such that the patient’s condition would be unlikely to change by the date of service.
Failure of conservative management requires ALL of the following:
- Patient has completed a full course of conservative management (as defined above) for the current episode of care
- Worsening of or no significant improvement in signs and/or symptoms upon clinical reevaluation
- More invasive forms of therapy are being considered
Documentation of compliance with a plan of therapy that includes elements from these areas is required where conservative management is appropriate.
Reporting of symptom severity. Severity of pain and its associated impact on activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) are key factors in determining the need for intervention. For purposes of this guideline, significant pain and functional impairment refer to pain that is at least 3 out of 10 in intensity and is associated with inability to perform at least two (2) ADLs and/or IADLs.
General Recommendations
Tobacco Cessation. Adherence to a tobacco-cessation program resulting in abstinence from tobacco for at least 6 weeks prior to surgery is strongly recommended.
Diabetes. It is strongly recommended that a patient with a history of diabetes maintain hemoglobin A1C 8% or less prior to any joint replacement surgery.
Body Mass Index (BMI). It is strongly recommended that any patient with a BMI equal to or greater than 40 attempt weight reduction prior to surgery.
When there are patient-specific modifiable comorbidities that may adversely impact patient-reported outcomes or health status, a shared decision-making discussion that covers these modifiable comorbidities is strongly recommended and should be documented.
Percutaneous/Minimally Invasive Sacroiliac Joint Fusion
Percutaneous/minimally invasive SI joint fusion with FDA approved structural fixation device*
*Limited to the insertion of usually more than one structural device traversing the SI joint intended to fuse to the bone or lead to the fusion of the joint itself
Percutaneous/minimally invasive SI joint fusion* may be considered medically necessary when ALL of the following criteria are met:
- Pain persisting a minimum of 6 months that interferes with functional activities as documented by BOTH of the following:
- Pain score (VAS) of 5 or greater
- ODI 30 or greater
- Failure of at least 6 months of conservative management that includes a trial of at least one therapeutic intra-articular SI joint injection (i.e., corticosteroid injection)
- Confirmation of the SI joint as a pain generator as demonstrated by ALL of the following:
- Pain pattern consistent with SI joint pain (typically unilateral pain caudal to L5 vertebrae, localized over posterior SI joint)
- Positive finger Fortin test (localized tenderness with palpation over the sacral sulcus)
- Absence of tenderness of similar severity elsewhere in the pelvic region (e.g., greater trochanter, lumbar spine, coccyx)
- Positive response from at least THREE (3) of the following provocative tests:
- Long ligament test
- Faber test/Patrick’s sign
- Active straight leg raise
- Compression test
- Distraction test
- Thigh thrust test (not recommended for those who are pregnant or those with connective tissue disorder)
- Gaenslen test
- Other sources of pain have been excluded as an etiology
- Diagnostic imaging studies that include ALL of the following:
- Imaging (plain radiographs and a CT) or MRI of the SI joint that excludes the presence of destructive lesions (e.g., tumor, infection) or inflammatory arthropathy that would not properly be addressed by percutaneous SI joint fusion
- Imaging of pelvis (AP plain radiograph) to rule out concomitant hip pathology
- Imaging of lumbar spine (CT or MRI) to rule out neural compression or other degenerative condition that can be causing low back or buttock pain
- Imaging of SI joint that indicates evidence of injury and/or degeneration
- Diagnostic confirmation of the SI joint as the pain generator demonstrated by at least 75% reduction of pain for the expected duration of the anesthetic used following an image-guided, contrast-enhanced intra-articular SI joint injection on two (2) separate occasions
Revision minimally invasive SI joint fusion
Revision or replacement SI joint fusion may be considered medically necessary when ANY of the following conditions are present:
- Symptomatic pseudarthrosis (nonunion)
- Symptomatic implant/device malposition (with impingement of foramen by implant/device)
- Infection secondary to or involving implant/device
- Implant fracture/breakage/loosening
Exclusions
Indications other than those addressed in this guideline are considered not medically necessary including, but not limited to, the following:
- Infection or fracture (unrelated to implant)
- Tumor
- Acute traumatic instability of the SI joint
- Neural compression as seen on imaging that correlates with symptoms or other more likely source of pain
- Generalized pain behavior (e.g., somatoform disorder) or generalized pain disorders (e.g., fibromyalgia)
- Ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis
- Percutaneous or minimally invasive SI joint fusion procedures using a posterior approach for insertion of intraarticular allograft or devices combined with OR without a transfixation device
Selected References
- Goldwaith, JH, Osgood, RB. A consideration of the pelvic articulations from an anatomical pathological and clinical standpoint. Boston Med Surg J. 1905;152(21):593-601.
- Lingutla, KK, Pollock, R, Ahuja, S. Sacroiliac joint fusion for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(6):1924-31.
- North American Spine Society, NASS coverage policy recommendations: Minimally Invasive Sacroiliac Joint Fusion (2021).
- Polly, DW, Swofford, J, Whang, PG, et al. Two-Year Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Minimally Invasive Sacroiliac Joint Fusion vs. Non-Surgical Management for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction. Int J Spine Surg. 2016;10:28.
- Sturesson, B, Kools, D, Pflugmacher, R, et al. Six-month outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of minimally invasive SI joint fusion with triangular titanium implants vs conservative management. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(3):708-19.
- Zaidi, HA, Montoure, AJ, Dickman, CA. Surgical and clinical efficacy of sacroiliac joint fusion: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurosurg Spine. 2015;23(1):59-66.
Codes
The following code list is not meant to be all-inclusive. Authorization requirements will vary by health plan. Please consult the applicable health plan for guidance on specific procedure codes.
Medical necessity reviews are initiated by submitting the correct AMA CPT codes. Specific CPT codes for services should be used when available. The submitted codes must accurately identify the service or procedure to be performed. If no such code exists, contact the health plan directly and report the service or procedure using the appropriate unlisted procedure or Not Otherwise Classified (NOC) code (which often ends in 99). Do not submit a code that is “close to” the procedure performed in lieu of an unlisted code. Correct coding demands that the code reported is appropriate for the service provided (i.e., a code that most accurately represents the service provided), and not a code that is similar but represents another service. (CPT® Assistant, December 2010) Nonspecific or NOC codes may be subject to additional documentation requirements and review.
CPT/HCPCS
CPT® (Current Procedural Terminology) is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association (AMA). CPT® five-digit codes, nomenclature and other data are copyright by the American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. AMA assumes no liability for the data contained herein or not contained herein.
| 27278 | Arthrodesis, sacroiliac joint, percutaneous, with image guidance, including placement of intra-articular implant(s) (eg, bone allograft[s], synthetic device[s]), without placement of transfixation device |
| 27279 | Arthrodesis, sacroiliac joint, percutaneous or minimally invasive (indirect visualization), with image guidance, includes obtaining bone graft when performed, and placement of transfixing device |