Archive Date: 10/20/2024
This document has been archived because it has outdated information. It is for historical information only and should not be consulted for clinical use. Current versions of guidelines are available on the Carelon Medical Benefits Management website at http://guidelines.carelonmedicalbenefitsmanagement.com
Status: Updated codes 10/01/2024 Effective Date: 01/01/2024
Doc ID: GEN10-0124.1-UC1024 Last Review Date: 09/21/2022
Approval and implementation dates for specific health plans may vary. Please consult the applicable health plan for more details.
Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines
Appropriate Use Criteria: Polygenic Risk Scores in Genetic Testing
Proprietary
© 2024 Carelon Medical Benefits Management, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Description and Application of the Guidelines
Polygenic Risk Scores in Genetic Testing
Description and Application of the Guidelines
The Carelon Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines (hereinafter “the Carelon Clinical Appropriateness Guidelines” or the “Guidelines”) are designed to assist providers in making the most appropriate treatment decision for a specific clinical condition for an individual. The Guidelines establish objective and evidence-based criteria for medical necessity determinations, where possible, that can be used in support of the following:
- To establish criteria for when services are medically necessary
- To assist the practitioner as an educational tool
- To encourage standardization of medical practice patterns
- To curtail the performance of inappropriate and/or duplicate services
- To address patient safety concerns
- To enhance the quality of health care
- To promote the most efficient and cost-effective use of services
The Carelon guideline development process complies with applicable accreditation and legal standards, including the requirement that the Guidelines be developed with involvement from appropriate providers with current clinical expertise relevant to the Guidelines under review and be based on the most up-to-date clinical principles and best practices. Resources reviewed include widely used treatment guidelines, randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies, and large systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Carelon reviews all of its Guidelines at least annually.
Carelon makes its Guidelines publicly available on its website. Copies of the Guidelines are also available upon oral or written request. Additional details, such as summaries of evidence, a list of the sources of evidence, and an explanation of the rationale that supports the adoption of the Guidelines, are included in each guideline document.
Although the Guidelines are publicly available, Carelon considers the Guidelines to be important, proprietary information of Carelon, which cannot be sold, assigned, leased, licensed, reproduced or distributed without the written consent of Carelon.
Carelon applies objective and evidence-based criteria, and takes individual circumstances and the local delivery system into account when determining the medical appropriateness of health care services. The Carelon Guidelines are just guidelines for the provision of specialty health services. These criteria are designed to guide both providers and reviewers to the most appropriate services based on a patient’s unique circumstances. In all cases, clinical judgment consistent with the standards of good medical practice should be used when applying the Guidelines. Guideline determinations are made based on the information provided at the time of the request. It is expected that medical necessity decisions may change as new information is provided or based on unique aspects of the patient’s condition. The treating clinician has final authority and responsibility for treatment decisions regarding the care of the patient and for justifying and demonstrating the existence of medical necessity for the requested service. The Guidelines are not a substitute for the experience and judgment of a physician or other health care professionals. Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine any patient’s care or treatment.
The Guidelines do not address coverage, benefit or other plan specific issues. Applicable federal and state coverage mandates take precedence over these clinical guidelines, and in the case of reviews for Medicare Advantage Plans, the Guidelines are only applied where there are not fully established CMS criteria. If requested by a health plan, Carelon will review requests based on health plan medical policy/guidelines in lieu of the Carelon Guidelines. Pharmaceuticals, radiotracers, or medical devices used in any of the diagnostic or therapeutic interventions listed in the Guidelines must be FDA approved or conditionally approved for the intended use. However, use of an FDA approved or conditionally approved product does not constitute medical necessity or guarantee reimbursement by the respective health plan.
The Guidelines may also be used by the health plan or by Carelon for purposes of provider education, or to review the medical necessity of services by any provider who has been notified of the need for medical necessity review, due to billing practices or claims that are not consistent with other providers in terms of frequency or some other manner.
General Clinical Guideline
Clinical Appropriateness Framework
Critical to any finding of clinical appropriateness under the guidelines for a specific diagnostic or therapeutic intervention are the following elements:
- Prior to any intervention, it is essential that the clinician confirm the diagnosis or establish its pretest likelihood based on a complete evaluation of the patient. This includes a history and physical examination and, where applicable, a review of relevant laboratory studies, diagnostic testing, and response to prior therapeutic intervention.
- The anticipated benefit of the recommended intervention is likely to outweigh any potential harms, including from delay or decreased access to services that may result (net benefit).
- Widely used treatment guidelines and/or current clinical literature and/or standards of medical practice should support that the recommended intervention offers the greatest net benefit among competing alternatives.
- There exists a reasonable likelihood that the intervention will change management and/or lead to an improved outcome for the patient.
Providers may be required to submit clinical documentation in support of a request for services. Such documentation must a) accurately reflect the clinical situation at the time of the requested service, and b) sufficiently document the ordering provider’s clinical intent.
If these elements are not established with respect to a given request, the determination of appropriateness will most likely require a peer-to-peer conversation to understand the individual and unique facts that would justify a finding of clinical appropriateness. During the peer-to-peer conversation, factors such as patient acuity and setting of service may also be taken into account to the extent permitted by law.
Simultaneous Ordering of Multiple Diagnostic or Therapeutic Interventions
Requests for multiple diagnostic or therapeutic interventions at the same time will often require a peer-to-peer conversation to understand the individual circumstances that support the medical necessity of performing all interventions simultaneously. This is based on the fact that appropriateness of additional intervention is often dependent on the outcome of the initial intervention.
Additionally, either of the following may apply:
- Current literature and/or standards of medical practice support that one of the requested diagnostic or therapeutic interventions is more appropriate in the clinical situation presented; or
- One of the diagnostic or therapeutic interventions requested is more likely to improve patient outcomes based on current literature and/or standards of medical practice.
Repeat Diagnostic Intervention
In general, repeated testing of the same anatomic location for the same indication should be limited to evaluation following an intervention, or when there is a change in clinical status such that additional testing is required to determine next steps in management. At times, it may be necessary to repeat a test using different techniques or protocols to clarify a finding or result of the original study.
Repeated testing for the same indication using the same or similar technology may be subject to additional review or require peer-to-peer conversation in the following scenarios:
- Repeated diagnostic testing at the same facility due to technical issues
- Repeated diagnostic testing requested at a different facility due to provider preference or quality concerns
- Repeated diagnostic testing of the same anatomic area based on persistent symptoms with no clinical change, treatment, or intervention since the previous study
- Repeated diagnostic testing of the same anatomic area by different providers for the same member over a short period of time
Repeat Therapeutic Intervention
In general, repeated therapeutic intervention in the same anatomic area is considered appropriate when the prior intervention proved effective or beneficial and the expected duration of relief has lapsed. A repeat intervention requested prior to the expected duration of relief is not appropriate unless it can be confirmed that the prior intervention was never administered. Requests for ongoing services may depend on completion of previously authorized services in situations where a patient’s response to authorized services is relevant to a determination of clinical appropriateness.
Polygenic Risk Scores in Genetic Testing
Description and Scope
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) involve the aggregation of common, low penetrance variants into a weighted risk score in order to calculate the inherited component of an individual’s lifetime risk of a disease. This guideline addresses the use of genetic testing for application to polygenic risk scores.
For specific test modalities, see separate guidelines Chromosomal Microarray Analysis, and Whole Exome Sequencing and Whole Genome Sequencing. For testing associated with reproduction, see Carrier Screening in the Prenatal Setting guideline.
For testing associated with hereditary cancer syndromes, see the Carelon Guidelines for Hereditary Cancer Testing.
For testing of tumor biomarkers, see the Carelon Guidelines for Somatic Tumor Testing.
For single gene testing and other hereditary conditions, see the Carelon Guidelines Genetic Testing for Inherited Conditions.
Clinical Indications
Polygenic risk scores in genetic testing
Not Medically Necessary:
The use of polygenic risk scores is considered not medically necessary for all indications.
Rationale
In contrast to Mendelian disorders and monogenic traits, there are a large number of complex traits (such as eye color) and conditions that are multifactorial (such as diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease) and ultimately determined by variations occurring in many different genes that have smaller effect sizes.1 Genome-wide association studies conducted over the past decade have examined the role of common, low penetrance genetic variants in disease risk, identifying associations of these individual common variants or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), with a small increased risk in disease. More than 70,000 associations between SNPs and traits are now documented (www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/).2 Polygenic risk scores (PRS) involve the aggregation of these common, low penetrance variants into a weighted risk score in order to calculate the inherited component of an individual’s lifetime risk of a disease.3 Non-genetic factors such as lifestyle, behavioral factors, and environmental exposures are also known to contribute to the risk of many conditions. There have been a variety of methods for calculating a PRS and combining this information with other known risk factors for illness (including age). Important caveats thus far are that most of the data have been derived from individuals of European ancestry, and the clinical utility of a PRS depends on its accuracy and also the existence of interventions that individuals can and would act upon to reduce disease risk.2 Another caveat is that it is incorrect to assume that odds ratios derived from PRS that are important etiologically are also directly useful in risk prediction and population screening.4 PRS is not ready for clinical implementation currently, but large clinical trials are underway to evaluate the clinical utility of various polygenic risk scores.3
References
- Sugrue LP, Desikan RS. What Are Polygenic Scores and Why Are They Important? JAMA. 2019;321(18):1820-1.
- Hunter DJ, Drazen JM. Has the Genome Granted Our Wish Yet? N Engl J Med. 2019;380(25):2391-3.
- Zeinomar N, Chung WK. Cases in Precision Medicine: The Role of Polygenic Risk Scores in Breast Cancer Risk Assessment. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(3):408-12.
- Wald NJ, Old R. The illusion of polygenic disease risk prediction. Genet Med. 2019;21(8):1705-7.
Codes
The following code list is not meant to be all-inclusive. Authorization requirements will vary by health plan. Please consult the applicable health plan for guidance on specific procedure codes.
Specific CPT codes for services should be used when available. Nonspecific or not otherwise classified codes may be subject to additional documentation requirements and review.
CPT/HCPCS
CPT® (Current Procedural Terminology) is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association (AMA). CPT® five-digit codes, nomenclature and other data are copyright by the American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. AMA assumes no liability for the data contained herein or not contained herein.
Not Medically Necessary
| Code | Not Medically Necessary |
|---|---|
| 81402 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 3 (eg, > 10 SNP’s 2-10 methylated variants, or 2-10 somatic variants [typically using non-sequencing target variant analysis], immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements, duplication/deletion variants of 1 exon, loss of heterozygosity [LOH], uniparental disomy [UPD]) |
| 81403 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 4 (eg, analysis of single exon by DNA sequence analysis, analysis of >10 amplicons using multiplex PCR in 2 or more independent reactions, mutation scanning or duplication/deletion variants of 2-5 exons) |
| 81404 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 5 (eg, analysis of 2-5 exons by DNA sequence analysis, mutation scanning or duplication/deletion variants of 6-10 exons, or characterization of a dynamic mutation disorder/triplet repeat by Southern blot analysis) |
| 81405 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 6 (eg, analysis of 6-10 exons by DNA sequence analysis, mutation scanning or duplication/deletion variants of 11-25 exons, regionally targeted cytogenomic array analysis) |
| 81406 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 7 (eg, analysis of 11-25 exons by DNA sequence analysis, mutation scanning or duplication/deletion variants of 26-50 exons) |
| 81407 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 8 (eg, analysis of 26-50 exons by DNA sequence analysis, mutation scanning or duplication/deletion variants of >50 exons, sequence analysis of multiple genes on one platform) |
| 81408 | Molecular pathology procedure, Level 9 (eg, analysis of >50 exons in a single gene by DNA sequence analysis) |
| 81479 | Unlisted molecular pathology procedure |
| 81493 | Coronary artery disease, mRNA, gene expression profiling by real-time RT-PCR of 23 genes, utilizing whole peripheral blood, algorithm reported as a risk score |
| 81554 | Pulmonary disease (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF]), mRNA, gene expression analysis of 190 genes, utilizing transbronchial biopsies, diagnostic algorithm reported as categorical result (eg, positive or negative for high probability of usual interstitial pneumonia [UIP]) |
| 0005U | Oncology (prostate) gene expression profile by real-time RT-PCR of 3 genes (ERG, PCA3, and SPDEF), urine, algorithm reported as risk score |
| 0012M | Oncology (urothelial), mRNA, gene expression profiling by real-time quantitative PCR of five genes (MDK, HOXA13, CDC2 [CDK1], IGFBP5, and XCR2), utilizing urine, algorithm reported as a risk score for having urothelial carcinoma |
| 0090U | Oncology (cutaneous melanoma), mRNA gene expression profiling by RT-PCR of 23 genes (14 content and 9 housekeeping), utilizing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, algorithm reported as a categorical result (ie, benign, intermediate, malignant) |
| 0113U | Oncology (prostate), measurement of PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG in urine and PSA in serum following prostatic massage, by RNA amplification and fluorescence-based detection, algorithm reported as risk score |
| 0170U | Neurology (autism spectrum disorder [ASD]), RNA, next-generation sequencing, saliva, algorithmic analysis, and results reported as predictive probability of ASD diagnosis |
| 0203U | Autoimmune (inflammatory bowel disease), mRNA, gene expression profiling by quantitative RT-PCR, 17 genes (15 target and 2 reference genes), whole blood, reported as a continuous risk score and classification of inflammatory bowel disease aggressiveness |
| 0253U | Reproductive medicine (endometrial receptivity analysis), RNA gene expression profile, 238 genes by next-generation sequencing, endometrial tissue, predictive algorithm reported as endometrial window of implantation (eg, pre-receptive, receptive, post-receptive) |
| 0258U | Autoimmune (psoriasis), mRNA, next-generation sequencing, gene expression profiling of 50-100 genes, skin-surface collection using adhesive patch, algorithm reported as likelihood of response to psoriasis biologics |
| 0289U | Neurology (Alzheimer disease), mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 24 genes, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score – MindX Blood Test™ – Memory/Alzheimer’s |
| 0290U | Pain management, mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 36 genes, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score |
| 0291U | Psychiatry (mood disorders), mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 144 genes, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score |
| 0292U | Psychiatry (stress disorders), mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 72 genes, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score |
| 0293U | Psychiatry (suicidal ideation), mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 54 genes, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score |
| 0294U | Longevity and mortality risk, mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 18 genes, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score – MindX Blood Test™ – Longevity |
| 0296U | Oncology (oral and/or oropharyngeal cancer), gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of at least 20 molecular features (eg, human and/or microbial mRNA), saliva, algorithm reported as positive or negative for signature associated with malignancy |
| 0313U | Oncology (pancreas), DNA and mRNA next-generation sequencing analysis of 74 genes and analysis of CEA (CEACAM5) gene expression, pancreatic cyst fluid, algorithm reported as a categorical result (ie, negative, low probability of neoplasia or positive, high probability of neoplasia) |
| 0314U | Oncology (cutaneous melanoma), mRNA gene expression profiling by RT-PCR of 35 genes (32 content and 3 housekeeping), utilizing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, algorithm reported as a categorical result (ie, benign, intermediate, malignant) |
| 0317U | Oncology (lung cancer), four-probe FISH (3q29, 3p22.1, 10q22.3, 10cen) assay, whole blood, predictive algorithm-generated evaluation reported as decreased or increased risk for lung cancer |
| 0339U | Oncology (prostate), mRNA expression profiling of HOXC6 and DLX1, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), first-void urine following digital rectal examination, algorithm reported as probability of high-grade cancer |
| 0363U | Oncology (urothelial), mRNA, gene expression profiling by real-time quantitative PCR of 5 genes (MDK, HOXA13, CDC2 [CDK1], IGFBP5, and CXCR2), utilizing urine, algorithm incorporates age, sex, smoking history, and macrohematuria frequency, reported as a risk score for having urothelial carcinoma |
| 0389U | KawasakiDx, OncoOmicsDx Laboratory from mProbe. The test evaluates a patient blood specimen for RNA expression of two genes listed in the code and reports a risk score for Kawasaki disease (KD), a fever of unknown origin in children. |
| 0401U | CARDIO inCodeScore (CICSCORE) from GENinCode U.S. Inc. Using a blood, saliva, or buccal (cheek) swab specimen, the test evaluates 12 variants of nine genes associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) |
| 0403U | Oncology (prostate), mRNA, gene expression profiling of 18 genes, first-catch urine, algorithm reported as percentage of likelihood of detecting clinically significant prostate cancer |
| 0420U | Oncology (urothelial), mRNA expression profiling by real-time quantitative PCR of MDK, HOXA13, CDC2, IGFBP5, and CXCR2 in combination with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analysis of 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genes TERT and FGFR3, urine, algorithm reported as a risk score for urothelial carcinoma |
| 0424U | Oncology (prostate), exosome-based analysis of 53 small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), urine, reported as no molecular evidence, low-, moderate- or elevated-risk of prostate cancer |
| 0433U | Oncology (prostate), 5 DNA regulatory markers by quantitative PCR, whole blood, algorithm, including prostate-specific antigen, reported as likelihood of cancer |
| 0437U | Psychiatry (anxiety disorders), mRNA, gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing of 15 biomarkers, whole blood, algorithm reported as predictive risk score |
| 0439U | Cardiology (coronary heart disease [CHD]), DNA, analysis of 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs11716050 [LOC105376934], rs6560711 [WDR37], rs3735222 [SCIN/LOC107986769], rs6820447 [intergenic], and rs9638144 [ESYT2]) and 3 DNA methylation markers (cg00300879 [transcription start site {TSS200} of CNKSR1], cg09552548 [intergenic], and cg14789911 [body of SPATC1L]), qPCR and digital PCR, whole blood, algorithm reported as a 4-tiered risk score for a 3-year risk of symptomatic CHD |
| 0440U | Cardiology (coronary heart disease [CHD]), DNA, analysis of 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs710987 [LINC010019], rs1333048 [CDKN2B-AS1], rs12129789 [KCND3], rs942317 [KTN1-AS1], rs1441433 [PPP3CA], rs2869675 [PREX1], rs4639796 [ZBTB41], rs4376434 [LINC00972], rs12714414 [TMEM18], and rs7585056 [TMEM18]) and 6 DNA methylation markers (cg03725309 [SARS1], cg12586707 [CXCL1, cg04988978 [MPO], cg17901584 [DHCR24-DT], cg21161138 [AHRR], and cg12655112 [EHD4]), qPCR and digital PCR, whole blood, algorithm reported as detected or not detected for CHD |
| 0456U | Autoimmune (rheumatoid arthritis), next-generation sequencing (NGS), gene expression testing of 19 genes, whole blood, with analysis of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCP) levels, combined with sex, patient global assessment, and body mass index (BMI), algorithm reported as a score that predicts nonresponse to tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) therapy |
| 0466U | Cardiology (coronary artery disease [CAD]), DNA, genome-wide association studies (564856 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs], targeted variant genotyping), patient lifestyle and clinical data, buccal swab, algorithm reported as polygenic risk to acquired heart disease |
| 0500U | Auto-inflammatory disease (VEXAS syndrome), DNA, UBA1 gene mutations, targeted variant analysis (M41T, M41V, M41L, c.118-2A>C, c.118-1G>C, c.118- 9_118-2del, S56F, S621C) |
| 0506U | Gastroenterology (Barrett’s esophagus), esophageal cells, DNA methylation analysis by next-generation sequencing of at least 89 differentially methylated genomic regions, algorithm reported as likelihood for Barrett’s esophagus |
ICD-10 Diagnosis
Refer to the ICD-10 CM manual
History
| Status | Review Date | Effective Date | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Archived | n/a | 10/20/2024 | Not to be used for dates of service on or after 10/20/2024. |
|
n/a |
Unchanged |
Added CPT codes 81402, 81403, 81404, 81405, 81406, 81407, 81408, 0500U, 0506U (NMN). Removed/Moved to Cell-free DNA Testing (Liquid Biopsy) for Cancer guideline: 81327, 0011M, 0356U, 0368U. Removed/Moved to Somatic Tumor Testing guideline: 81525, 81529, 81540, 81541, 81542, 81552, 0006M, 0013M, 0016M, 0017M, 0020M, 0045U, 0047U, 0120U, 0287U, 0288U, 0315U, 0343U, 0362U. Updated descriptions for 0006M, 0012M, 0090U, 0113U, 0287U, 0288U, 0315U, 0343U, 0362U, 0368U, and 0403U. | |
| Updated codes 07/01/2024 | n/a | Unchanged | Added CPT codes 0020M, 0456U, 0466U (NMN). |
| Updated codes 03/17/2024 | n/a | Unchanged | Added CPT codes 81525, 81540, 0016M, 0017M, 0045U, 0090U, 0120U, 0253U, 0314U, 0339U, 0403U, 0439U, 0440U. Removed 0004M, 0205U. Updated 0368U code description. Added required language to General Clinical Guideline per new Medicare regulations. |
| Updated | n/a | 01/01/2024 | Annual CPT update: Added 81327, 81529, 81541, 81542, 81552, 81554, 0004M, 0005U, 0006M, 0011M, 0012M, 0013M, 0047U, 0113U, 0170U, 0203U, 0205U, 0258U, 0287U, 0288U, 0290U, 0291U, 0292U, 0293U, 0296U, 0313U, 0315U, 0317U, 0343U, 0356U, 0362U, 0363U, 0368U, 0389U, 0401U, 0420U, 0424U, 0433U, 0437U. |
| Created | 09/21/2022 | 02/12/2023 | Independent Multispecialty Physician Panel (IMPP) review. Original effective date. |